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Longevity claims

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about modern, or complete, unvalidated supercentenarian claims up to the age of 130 years. For validated specific supercentenarian claims by modern standards, see List of the verified oldest people. For historical, incomplete claims, including all claims over 130 years, see Longevity myths.

Longevity claims are unsubstantiated cases of asserted human longevity. Those asserting lifespans of 110 years or more are referred to as supercentenarians. Many have either no official verification or are backed only by partial evidence. Cases where longevity has been fully verified, according to modern standards of longevity research, are reflected in an established list of supercentenarians based on the work of organizations such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records. This article lists living claims greater than that of the oldest living person whose age has been independently verified, Japanese woman Tomiko Itooka, aged 116 years, 206 days, and deceased claims greater than that of the oldest person ever whose age has been verified, French woman Jeanne Calment, who died aged 122 years and 164 days. The upper limit for both lists is 130 years.

Scientific status

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Prior to the 19th century, there was insufficient evidence either to demonstrate or to refute centenarian longevity.[1] Even today, no fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent.[2] Studies[1] in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late-life mortality deceleration law: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. This implies that there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximum human lifespan.[3] Researchers in Denmark have found a way to determine when a deceased person was born using radiocarbon dating done on the lens of the eye.[4]

Categorization

[edit]

Guinness World Records from its inception in 1955, began maintaining a list of the verified oldest people.[5] It developed into a list of all supercentenarians whose lifespan had been verified by at least three documents, in a standardized process, according to the norms of modern longevity research.[citation needed] Many unverified cases ("claims" or "traditions") have been controverted by reliable sources. Taking reliable demographic data into account, these unverified cases vary widely in their plausibility.

Fully verified claims

[edit]
For fully verified human longevity claims, see Supercentenarian and List of the verified oldest people.
  • The oldest person verified by modern standards, and the only person with evidence to have lived to be at least 120 years of age, is French woman Jeanne Calment (21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997), aged 122 years and 164 days.
  • The oldest man verified by modern standards, and the only man with undisputed evidence to have lived to be over 115, is Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura (19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013), aged 116 years and 54 days.
  • The oldest verified living person is Japanese woman Tomiko Itooka, born 23 May 1908, aged 116 years, 206 days.
  • The oldest verified living man is Brazilian man João Marinho Neto, born 5 October 1912, aged 112 years, 71 days.

Problems in documenting

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In numerous editions from the 1960s through the 1980s, Guinness stated that

No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood, and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity.[6]

This caveat notwithstanding, Guinness at the same time listed a Canadian named Pierre Joubert as the oldest person to have ever lived, with supposedly "irrefutable" documentary proof showing he had been born in 1701 and died in 1814[7] – it was later discovered that a father born in 1701 and his son born in 1732 had been conflated, and Joubert has been removed from lists of supercentenarians.[8]

In another case, Lucy Hannah, previously regarded as having reached age 117, had her verification removed in 2020 following the discovery of additional documents.[9]

Despite demographic evidence of the known extremes of modern longevity, stories in otherwise reliable sources still surface regularly, stating that these extremes have been exceeded. Responsible, modern, scientific validation of human longevity requires investigation of records following an individual from birth to the present (or to death); purported longevity claims far outside the demonstrated records regularly fail such scrutiny.

Actuary Walter G. Bowerman stated that ill-founded longevity assertions originate mainly in remote, underdeveloped regions, among non-literate peoples, with only family testimony available as evidence.[10] This means that people living in areas of the world with historically more comprehensive resources for record-keeping have tended to hold more claims to longevity, regardless of whether or not individuals in other parts of the world have lived longer.

In the transitional period of record-keeping, records tend to exist for the wealthy and upper-middle classes, but are often spotty and nonexistent for the middle classes and the poor. In the United States, birth registration did not begin in Mississippi until 1912 and was not universal until 1933.[11] Hence, in many longevity cases, no actual birth record exists. This type of case is classified by gerontologists as "partially validated".[12]

Proximate records

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Since some cases were recorded in a census or in other reliable sources, obtainable evidence may complete full verification.

  • Maggie Barnes: Barnes claimed to be 117 at her death on 19 January 1998.[13] Barnes, who was born to a former slave and married a tenant farmer, had fifteen children, 11 of whom preceded her in death.[13] Inconsistent records suggested that she was born on 6 March 1882 at the latest, but possibly a year earlier. The conclusion is that Barnes was at least 115 years and 319 days old at her death, and may have been one or two years older.[citation needed]

Late-life records

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In another type of case, the only records that exist are late-life documents. Because age inflation often occurs in adulthood (to avoid military service or to apply for a pension early), or because the government may have begun record-keeping during an individual's lifetime, some cases are unverified by proximate[clarification needed] records. These unverified cases are less likely to be true (because the records are written later), but are still possible. Longevity narratives were not subjected to rigorous scrutiny until the work of William Thoms in 1873. Thoms proposed the 100th-birthday test: is there evidence to support an individual's claimed age at what would be their centenary birthday?[14][15] This test does not prove a person's age, but does winnow out typical pension-claim longevity exaggerations and spontaneous claims that a certain relative is over 150.

  • Hanna Barysevich: Barysevich claimed to have been 118.[16] This can be neither verified nor disproven from Belarusian records. The claim is demographically possible but incompletely verified.
  • Pasikhat Dzhukalaeva: In 2004, The Moscow Times reported that Dzhukalayeva, of Chechnya, claimed to have been born in 1881 (age 122). The claim is possible but incompletely verified. Her death has not been reported since that time, so no age greater than 122 has been verifiably claimed.[17]
  • Susie Brunson: Ebony magazine reported in 1973 that she was in good health at 102 years old, the first major claim of her longevity.[18] She is later mentioned in 1975, when various newspapers claimed that she was celebrating her 105th birthday.[19] An article in the Spokesman-Review claims Brunson received a call from President Ronald Reagan on her 113th birthday in 1983[20] (and many other papers claim that Brunson's birthday was attended by New York Congressman Raymond J McGrath, dubbing her the oldest person in the nation),[21] and other articles written about her longevity appear later on.[22][23] Her obituaries appear in Star-News newspaper[24] and The New York Times.[25] Her family claimed that she was born 25 December 1870 and lived to age 123, dying in late November 1994.[25]

Reports with complete date of birth

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These are standardized lists of people whose lifespans remain unverified by proximate records, including both modern (Guinness-era) and historical cases. All cases in which an individual's supercentenarian lifespan is not (yet) backed by records sufficient to the standards of modern longevity research are listed as unverified. They may be factually true, even though records do not exist (or have not yet been found), so such lists include these grey-area cases.

Recent

[edit]

These living supercentenarian cases, in descending order of claimed age, with full birth and review dates, have been updated within the past two years, but have not had their claimed age validated by an independent body such as the Gerontology Research Group or Guinness World Records. The list includes only those claims that are greater than the age of the oldest verified living person, Tomiko Itooka, who is currently aged 116 years, 206 days, but under 130 years.

Name Sex Reported birth date Claimed age Country Latest report Ref.
Huvaydo Umarova F 1 January 1895 129 years, 349 days Uzbekistan 27 October 2024 [26][27][28]
Sivananda M 8 August 1896 128 years, 129 days India 11 August 2024 [29][30][31]
Manuel Garcia Hernandez M 24 December 1896 127 years, 357 days Mexico 2 February 2024 [32][33]
Mercedes Chami Dogirama F 13 March 1898 126 years, 277 days Panama 10 August 2023 [34]
Ayşe Bayri F 1 July 1898 126 years, 167 days Turkey 21 June 2024 [35]
Marcelino Abad Tolentino M 5 April 1900 124 years, 254 days Peru 6 April 2024 [36][37][38]
Sebastião Batista dos Santos M 15 March 1902 122 years, 275 days Brazil 15 March 2024 [39][40]
Hussein Al-Missaoui M 17 May 1904 120 years, 212 days Tunisia 5 June 2023 [41]
Maria Vikentyevna Kononovich F 27 May 1904 120 years, 202 days Belarus 18 January 2023 [42][43][44]
Maria Luisa F 3 February 1905 119 years, 316 days Mozambique 6 September 2023 [45]
Rosa Zoila Higuera Velandia F 23 August 1906 118 years, 114 days Colombia 9 March 2023 [46]
Margaret Maritz F 27 September 1906 118 years, 79 days South Africa 2 October 2024 [47][48]
Jose Flores Flores M 11 July 1907 117 years, 157 days Costa Rica 12 July 2024 [49][50]

Past

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This table contains supercentenarian claims with either a known death date or no confirmation for more than two years that they were still alive. Only claims greater than that of Jeanne Calment, who died at the age of 122 years, 164 days, but under 130 years are included. They are listed in order of age as of the date of death or date last reported alive.

Name Sex Reported birth date Death date / latest report Reported age Country
Ali Ben Mohamed El Amri[51][52] M 5 October 1880 fl. 30 September 2010 129 years, 360 days Tunisia
Koku Istambulova[53] F 1 June 1889 27 January 2019 129 years, 240 days Russia
José Aguinelo dos Santos[54] M 7 July 1888 20 December 2017 129 years, 166 days Brazil
Maria do Carmo Gerônimo[55] F 5 March 1871 14 June 2000 129 years, 101 days Brazil
Jean Causeur[56] M 3 March 1645 30 April 1774 129 years, 58 days France
Mary Ewen[57] F 5 May 1878 10 April 2007 128 years, 340 days Jamaica
Cruz Hernández[55] F 3 May 1878 8 March 2007 128 years, 309 days El Salvador
Johanna Mazibuko[58] F 11 May 1894 3 March 2023 128 years, 296 days South Africa
Ese Gebelek[59][60][61] F 1 July 1894 28 March 2023 128 years, 270 days Turkey
Elizabeth Israel[55] F 27 January 1875 14 October 2003 128 years, 260 days Dominica
Safiah Ujang[62] F 11 February 1889 26 October 2017 128 years, 257 days Malaysia
Nana Shaova [63] F 15 July 1890? 21 January 2019 128 years, 190 days Russia
José Rosario Serrano Arencas[64] M 5 March 1881 24 April 2009 128 years, 50 days Colombia
Swami Kalyandev[55] M 21 June 1876 14 July 2004 128 years, 23 days India
William Johnson[65] M 8 May 1881 15 May 2009 128 years, 7 days United States
José Paulino Gomes[66][67] M 4 August 1895 28 July 2023 127 years, 358 days Brazil
Ajiben Chandravadia[68][69] F 1 January 1891 13 December 2018 127 years, 346 days India
Luo Meizhen[70][71] F 9 July 1885 9 June 2013 127 years, 335 days China
Juana Bautista de la Candelaria Rodríguez[72] F 2 February 1885 24 December 2012 127 years, 326 days Cuba
Luang Pu Chant Siri[73][74] M 10 April 1849 23 February 1977 127 years, 319 days Thailand
Bénicia Souffrant Laguerre [75] F 17 January 1893 1 November 2020 127 years, 289 days Haiti
Halim Solmaz[76] F 1 July 1884 29 March 2012 127 years, 272 days Turkey
Tshinyelo Dora Muzila[77] F 4 May 1880 14 January 2008 127 years, 255 days South Africa
Leandra Becerra Lumbreras F 31 August 1887 19 March 2015 127 years, 200 days Mexico
Tian Longyu[78][79][80] F 9 June 1893 28 September 2020 127 years, 111 days China
Francoise Pascal[81] F 5 January 1895 fl. 6 January 2022 127 years, 1 day Haiti
Eida Karmi [82] F 1 January 1890? fl. 19 December 2016 126 years, 353 days Syria,Greece
Goli Papi [83] F 5 April 1893? 10 December 2018 125 years, 249 days Iran
Nicolas Savin[84] M 17 April 1768 29 November 1894 126 years, 226 days Russia
Maria Gonçalves dos Santos[85] F 24 June 1890 15 December 2016 126 years, 174 days Brazil
Benito Martínez Abrogán[55] M 19 June 1880 11 October 2006 126 years, 114 days Cuba
Margarita Lacsi[86][87][88] F 30 March 1878 27 May 2004 126 years, 58 days Argentina
Jackson Pollard[55] M 25 December 1869 7 September 1995 125 years, 304 days United States
Nuri Öztunç[89] M 1 July 1885 6 March 2011 125 years, 248 days Turkey
Juan Ramos[55] M 24 June 1880 24 January 2006 125 years, 214 days United States
Aberewa Grace[55] F 16 August 1878 18 January 2004 125 years, 155 days Ghana
Masoumeh Sanei Toroghi[90] F 23 September 1898 6 February 2024 125 years, 136 days Iraq
Anna Visser[55] F 25 December 1878 8 January 2004 125 years, 14 days Namibia
Lu Zimei[91][92] F 8 August 1888 fl. 4 July 2013 124 years, 330 days Qing Dynasty,
China,
United States
Maria Etelvina dos Santos[55] F 15 July 1878 8 March 2003 124 years, 236 days Brazil
Hu Yeh-mei[93] F 10 February 1885 24 August 2009 124 years, 195 days Taiwan
Mariam Amash[94][95][96] F 1 July 1888 22 December 2012 124 years, 171 days Israel
Socorro Medrano Guevara[97] F 17 June 1894 13 September 2018 124 years, 88 days Mexico
Francisca Susano[98][99] F 11 September 1897 22 November 2021 124 years, 72 days Philippines
Armando Frid[55][100] M 24 May 1866 28 July 1990 124 years, 65 days Argentina
Maria Verissimo de Matos[101][102] F 5 June 1888 17 June 2012 124 years, 12 days Brazil
Sher Ali Mia[103] M 17 July 1894 fl. 10 July 2018 123 years, 358 days Bangladesh
Ana Martinha da Silva[55] F 25 August 1880 27 July 2004 123 years, 337 days Brazil
Carmelo Flores Laura[104] M 16 July 1890 9 June 2014 123 years, 328 days Bolivia
Deolinda Soares Rodrigues[105] F 24 June 1898 1 May 2022 123 years, 311 days Brazil
Juana Chox Yac[106][107][108][109] F 29 November 1893 27 September 2017 123 years, 302 days Guatemala
Arthur Reed[55] M 28 June 1860 15 April 1984 123 years, 292 days United States
Tanzilya Bisembeyeva[110][111] F 14 March 1896 25 October 2019 123 years, 225 days. Russia
Daw Mya Kyi[112][113][114][115] F 9 October 1892 fl. 17 May 2016 123 years, 221 days Myanmar
Hava Rexha[55] F 14 August 1880 8 November 2003 123 years, 86 days Albania
Appaz Iliev[116] M 1 March 1896 10 May 2019 123 years, 70 days Russia
Nguyễn Thị Trù[117][118] F 4 May 1893 12 July 2016 123 years, 69 days Vietnam
Li Fengfang[91] M 5 August 1878 8 October 2001 123 years, 64 days Qing Dynasty,
China,
United States
Turupu Aimaiti[119][120] M 5 February 1892 fl. 26 February 2015 123 years, 21 days China
Live Larsdatter[121] F 6 August 1575 9 July 1698 122 years, 337 days Denmark
Shukhrat Aliyeva[122] F 1 January 1887 1 December 2009 122 years, 334 days Brazil
Oberia Coffin[55] F 1 December 1883 18 October 2006 122 years, 321 days United States
Sudhakar Chaturvedi[123][124] M 20 April 1897 27 February 2020 122 years, 313 days India
Nehemiah Ndur[125] M 25 February 1890 10 December 2012 122 years, 289 days Nigeria
Dora Jacobs[55] F 6 May 1880 19 January 2003 122 years, 258 days South Africa
Mamie Evans[55] F 2 July 1872 15 January 1995 122 years, 197 days United States
David Peterson[55] M 22 November 1850 31 May 1973 122 years, 190 days United States
Sarah Hoover[55] F 25 June 1874 15 December 1996 122 years, 173 days United States
Salma Abdulqadir[126] F 1 July 1897 18 December 2019 122 years, 170 days Syria

References

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